Abordagem de narrativas como método de pesquisa em saúde pública: aproximações conceituais e contribuições da psicanálise / Narrative research in public health: conceptual approximations and contributions from psychoanalysis / Enfoque en narrativas como método de investigación en salud pública: aproximaciones conceptuales y aportaciones del psicoanálisis

Este artigo refere-se à parte de uma pesquisa de doutorado, realizada em hospital de alta complexidade do Sistema Único de Saúde, cujos participantes são os profissionais de saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o potencial da abordagem das narrativas como método de pesquisa e intervenção nos serviços de saúde, traçando aproximações com a teoria psicanalítica. Sua relevância no campo da Saúde Pública está calcada no reconhecimento do papel do sujeito como agente de mudanças. O texto divide-se em duas partes: na primeira, explora as especificidades do trabalho na área da saúde, o paradigma da saúde pública no que concerne à gestão e possíveis contribuições da clínica ampliada para esse modelo. Na segunda parte, analisa o uso das narrativas como método de pesquisa nesse campo e as aproximações conceituais entre a narrativa em Walter Benjamin e a psicanálise em Freud. Busca na literatura referências sobre experiências análogas que fundamentem a proposta ora realizada e conclui pela importância de, no momento atual, apostar na força germinativa das narrativas como fonte criativa de novas formas de cuidar.(AU)

This article derives from a PhD research conducted with health professionals at a high-complexity public hospital from the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). It analyzes the potential of the narrative as a research and intervention method in health services, outlining approximations with psychoanalysis. In the field of Public Health, the narrative approach acknowledges the individual as an agent of change. The text is divided into two parts. The first presents an overview of the peculiarities involved in healthcare, the Public Health paradigm regarding service management and possible contributions from the expanded clinic to this model. The second analyzes the use of narratives as a research method in this field and the conceptual approximations between Benjamin's narrative and Freud's psychoanalysis. It searches the literature for references on similar experiences to support the present proposal and concludes by highlighting the importance of betting on the creative power of narratives as a source for new ways to care.(AU)

Este artículo es parte de una investigación doctoral, realizada con los profesionales de la salud de un hospital de alta complejidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil. Su propósito es analizar el potencial del enfoque en narrativas como método de investigación e intervención en los servicios de salud, esbozando aproximaciones entre las narrativas y la teoría del psicoanálisis. Su relevancia en el campo de la salud pública se basa en el reconocimiento del rol del sujeto como agente de cambio. El texto se divide en dos partes: La primera investiga las especificidades del trabajo en el área de la salud, el paradigma de la salud pública en la gestión de los servicios y las posibles contribuciones de la clínica ampliada a este modelo. En la segunda parte, analiza el uso de narrativas como método de investigación en este campo y las aproximaciones conceptuales entre la narrativa de Walter Benjamin y el psicoanálisis de Freud. Este estudio busca en la literatura referencias sobre experiencias similares que apoyen la propuesta ahora realizada y concluye con la importancia de, en el momento actual, apostar por el poder de las narrativas como fuente creadora de nuevas formas de cuidar.(AU)

Sistema de avaliação de testes psicológicos: histórias contadas e não contadas / Psychological test evaluation system: stories told and untold / Sistema de evaluación de tests psicológicos: historias contadas y no contadas

O Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) recebeu notoriedade entre brasileiros e estrangeiros por oferecer um complexo sistema de qualificação dos testes psicológicos, pouco visto em âmbito mundial. Sua elaboração dependeu de uma autarquia, que o financiou, normatizou e o mantém, mas também de pesquisadores docentes de avaliação psicológica, que trouxeram a expertise da área para que houvesse o pleno estabelecimento de seus parâmetros. Passadas duas décadas de seu lançamento, o SATEPSI foi tema de artigos, capítulos, lives e diálogos digitais, nos quais foram destaque, de modo geral, as Resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, que o normatiza, e seus impactos para a área de avaliação psicológica - como, por exemplo, o aumento do número de pesquisas e de testes brasileiros qualificados. O que se pretende neste artigo é mencionar sua construção, à luz dos autores que vivenciaram o SATEPSI em funções e tempos distintos. Atenção especial será dada aos Métodos Projetivos, cuja história ainda é pouco revelada.(AU)

The system to evaluate psychological tests (Satepsi) received notoriety among Brazilians and foreigners for offering a complex system of qualification of psychological tests, which is rarely seen worldwide. Its development depended on an autarchy (which financed, standardized, and maintains it) and on researchers teaching psychological assessment, who brought their expertise to the area so its parameters could be fully established. After two decades of its launch, Satepsi was the subject of articles, chapters, lives, and digital dialogues, which usually highlighted the Resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology that normatize psychological evaluation and their impacts, such as the increase in the number of qualified Brazilian tests. This study aims to mention its construction in the light of the authors who experienced Satepsi in different functions and times, giving special attention to Projective Methods, whose history remains to be shown.(AU)

El Sistema de Evaluación de Tests Psicológicos (SATEPSI) ganó notoriedad entre los brasileños y los extranjeros por ofrecer un complejo sistema de calificación de los tests psicológicos, poco frecuente a nivel mundial. Su elaboración dependió de una autarquía, que lo financió, lo estandarizó y lo mantiene, pero también de investigadores docentes de evaluación psicológica, que trajeron la experiencia del área para que hubiera el pleno establecimiento de sus parámetros. Tras dos décadas de su lanzamiento, SATEPSI fue tema de artículos, capítulos, en directo y diálogos digitales, en los cuales destacaron, de modo general, las Resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Psicología que lo normatiza y sus impactos para el área de evaluación psicológica, como el aumento del número de investigaciones y de pruebas brasileñas calificadas. Lo que se pretende en este artículo es mencionar su construcción, a la luz de los autores que vivieron el SATEPSI en funciones y tiempos distintos. Se prestará especial atención a los métodos proyectivos cuya historia aún no se ha revelado.(AU)

Psicanálise e educação: crianças e educadores brincando com palavras / Psychoanalysis and education: children and educators playing with words / Psicoanálisis y educación: niños y educadores jugando com palabras

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender as experiências do brincar a partir de um grupo de crianças e seus educadores, em uma Comunidade de Aprendizagem, situada no Distrito Federal (DF). Como fundamentação teórica e metodológica, recorre-se, principalmente, aos estudos psicanalíticos de Freud e de Winnicott. A pesquisa de campo consistiu em dois dias de observação participante; quatro oficinas de rabiscos com uma turma de crianças - com idades entre oito e 12 anos - e sua educadora; e uma roda de conversa com educadores. A ênfase é dada, neste texto, nas vivências da segunda oficina e em trechos da roda de conversa, explorando a capacidade de criar e de brincar com as palavras. Com isso, foi possível ressaltar a importância de um brincar criativo e espontâneo nas relações humanas. A conclusão é que este brincar não se restringe à infância, por se tratar de uma experiência própria ao humano, sendo necessário que os espaços escolares e comunitários estejam abertos à sua manifestação e ampliação. (AU)

This article aims to understand the experiences of playing from a group of children and their educators, in a Learning Community, located in the Federal District (DF). As a theoretical and methodological basis, we use mainly the psychoanalytical studies of Freud and Winnicott. The field research consisted of two days of participant observation; four doodling workshops with a class of children - aged eight to 12 years old - and their educator; and a conversation circle with educators. The emphasis is, in this text, on the experiences of the second workshop and excerpts of the conversation circle, exploring the ability to create and play with words. With this, it was possible to highlight the importance of creative and spontaneous playing in human relations. The conclusion is that playing is not restricted to childhood, as it is an experience specific to humans, and that school and community spaces must be open to its manifestation and expansion. (AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las experiencias de juego de un grupo de niños y sus educadores, en una Comunidad de Aprendizaje, ubicada en el Distrito Federal (DF). Como base teórica y metodológica, utilizamos principalmente los estudios psicoanalíticos de Freud y de Winnicott. La investigación de campo consistió en dos días de observación participante; cuatro talleres de garabatos con una clase de niños - de ocho a 12 años - y su educador; y un círculo de conversación con educadores. Se da énfasis, en este texto, en las experiencias del segundo taller y extractos del círculo de conversación, explorando la capacidad de crear y jugar con palabras. Con ello se pudo destacar la importancia del juego creativo y espontáneo en las relaciones humanas. La conclusión es que este juego no se limita a la infancia, ya que consiste en una experiencia propia del ser humano, y que los espacios escolares y comunitarios deben estar abiertos a su manifestación y expansión. (AU)

Psychotherapy as a skilled practice.

While psychotherapy is related to both science and art, it is primarily a craft activity requiring the development of skilful practice, epitomized by the discipline of the analytic attitude. In terms of the forms of knowledge outlined by Aristotle, this places psychotherapy in the realm of 'technê' (arts and craft) rather than epistêmê (science). In particular, the technê of psychotherapy is concerned with the development of phronesis (practical wisdom) in both patient and analyst and its ultimate aim is concerned with the promotion of eudaimonia, a state of well-being considered by Aristotle to be definitive of 'the good life'. It is therefore fundamentally an ethical endeavour. The nature of psychotherapeutic skill is illustrated by analogy with three other forms of technê - music, meditation and pottery. Clinical examples illustrate the crafting of interpretations and the art of patient holding.

Alors que la psychothérapie est rattachée à la fois à la science et à l'art, il s'agit en premier lieu d'une activité artisanale qui requiert l'acquisition d'une aptitude pointue, incarnée par la discipline de l'attitude analytique. Se référant aux formes de savoir énoncées par Aristote, la psychothérapie se situe dans le domaine de « technê ¼ (les arts et l'artisanat) plutôt que celui d' « epistêmê ¼ (la science). Notamment, le technê de la psychothérapie concerne le développement de phronesis (la sagesse pratique) à la fois chez le patient et l'analyste. Son but ultime est de promouvoir l'eudaimonia, un état de bienêtre qu'Aristote considère comme le signe de «la vie bonne¼. De ce fait il s'agit d'une œuvre fondamentalement éthique. La nature du savoir-faire de la psychothérapie est illustrée par une analogie avec trois autres formes de technê - la musique, la méditation, et la poterie. Des exemples cliniques illustrent le façonnement des interprétations et l'art de « bien tenir ¼ le patient.

Si bien la psicoterapia se relaciona tanto a la ciencia como al arte, se trata principalmente de una actividad artesanal que requiere el desarrollo de una práctica calificada, encarnada en la disciplina de la actitud analítica. En los términos de las formas de conocimiento descriptas por Aristóteles, esto ubica a la psicoterapia en la dimensión de la 'technê' (artes y oficios) en lugar de la 'epistêmê' (ciencia). En particular, la technê de la psicoterapia concierne al desarrollo de la phronesis (sabiduría práctica) en ambos paciente y analista, y su meta principal atañe a la promoción de la eudaimonia, estado de bienestar considerado por Aristóteles como característico de 'la buena vida'. Es por lo tanto, fundamentalmente, una labor ética. La naturaleza de la habilidad psicoterapéutica es ilustrada en analogía con otras tres formas de technê - música, meditación y cerámica. Ejemplos clínicos ilustran el oficio artesanal de la interpretación y el arte de contener al paciente.

O sociodrama como método de captação das representações sociais / Sociodrama as a method of capturing social representations

As representações sociais se referem a um conjunto de conceitos, ideias e explicações sobre o mundo e o contexto em que se vive. Além disso, possui por função tornar familiar o que era desconhecido. Para captar as representações sociais pode se fazer o uso do sociodrama, pois este compreende que o sujeito atravessa e é atravessado por relações e ainda possibilita ferramentas para se trabalhar estas relações intergrupais. Deste modo, este artigo pretende, por meio de uma experiência sociodramática com quinze adolescentes de um projeto social refletir acerca da possibilidade de seu uso para a captação de representações sociais. Para isso, se fez uso da pesquisa ativa, tendo por modalidade o relato de experiência e abordagem qualitativa. As ferramentas utilizadas foram: dramatização, teatralização, fantasia guiada, vinhetas e jogos. A partir do sociodrama com esses adolescentes os processos de ancoragem e objetificação das representações foram evidenciados, sendo possível identificar as informações sobre os objetos; caracterizar as atitudes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis diante das cenas; além disso, por meio das esculturas, concretizações e dramatizações ficaram evidentes as imagens que constituem uma representação social e esta, por sua vez, pode contribuir na clarificação dos papéis conservados e ressignificação de cenas

Social representations refer to a set of concepts, ideas and explanations about the world and the context in which one lives. In addition, it has the function of making familiar what was unknown. In order to capture the social representations one can make use of the sociodrama, since it understands that the subject crosses and is crossed by relations and still provides tools to work these intergroup relations. Thus, this article intends, through a sociodramatic experience with fifteen adolescents of a social project to reflect on the possibility of its use for the capture of social representations. For this, the active research was used, having as modality the experience report and qualitative approach. The tools used were: dramatization, theatricalisation, guided fantasy, vignettes and games. From the sociodrama with these adolescents the processes of anchoring and objectification of the representations were evidenced, being possible to identify the information about the objects; characterize the favorable or unfavorable attitudes towards the scenes; in addition, through the sculptures, concretizations and dramatisations, the images that constitute a social representation are evident and this, in turn, can contribute in the clarification of the conserved roles and re-signification of scenes.

Cultural identity in Siberia and in analytical practice.

This paper discusses the main features of Siberian identity formed throughout the historical development of Siberia under the influence of social, economic, geographical, climatic, and other factors. Siberian cultural identity is closely connected with the mythology and ancient religion of the indigenous peoples of Siberia - shamanism, whose rituals, images, symbols, and motifs are often manifested in the clients' dreams. Following an in-depth study of Siberian history and culture, I formulate a complex of homelessness rooted in a deep collective trauma that left its imprint on people's psyche. Three clinical cases presented in the paper reveal a deep relationship between cultural complexes and collective traumas on the one hand, and individual complexes and traumas, on the other. My psychotherapeutic practice shows that a client's awareness of their history and culture brings them closer to the meaning and source of their suffering, which, in turn, helps them find their own way of individuation, rather than relive the transgenerational trauma of their ancestors.

Cet article étudie les caractéristiques principales de l'identité Sibérienne formée au cours du développement historique de la Sibérie sous l'influence de facteurs sociaux, économiques, géographiques, climatiques et autres. L'identité culturelle Sibérienne est intimement liée à la mythologie et la religion ancienne des peuples indigènes de Sibérie - le shamanisme, dont les rituels, les images, les symboles et les motifs apparaissent souvent dans les rêves des clients. Après une étude approfondie de l'histoire et de la culture sibérienne, j'élabore le complexe « d'être sans domicile ¼ enraciné dans un traumatisme collectif profond qui a laissé sa marque sur la psyché des personnes. Trois cas cliniques sont présentés. Ils révèlent une relation profonde entre les complexes culturels et les traumatismes collectifs d'une part, et les complexes et traumatismes individuels d'autre part. Ma clientèle psychothérapeutique montre qu'un client qui a conscience de son histoire et de sa culture se rapproche plus de la source et du sens de sa souffrance, et que ceci l'aide à trouver son propre chemin d'individuation, plutôt que de revivre le traumatisme transgénérationnel de leurs ancêtres.

El presente trabajo da cuenta de los rasgos principales de la identidad Siberiana formada a través del desarrollo histórico de Siberia bajo la influencia de factores sociales, económicos, geográficos, climáticos y otros. La identidad cultural Siberiana está conectada a la mitología y a la religión antigua de los pueblos originarios de Siberia - el chamanismo, cuyos rituales, imágenes, símbolos y motivos se manifiestan a menudo en los sueños de los clientes. A partir de un estudio profundo sobre la cultura y la historia de Siberia, he formulado un complejo de "sin hogar" enraizado en un profundo trauma colectivo que deja sus marcas en la psique de las personas. Los tres casos clínicos presentados revelan una profunda relación entre complejos culturales y traumas colectivos por un lado, y complejos individuales y traumas, por otro. Mi práctica psicoterapéutica muestra que el conocimiento por parte del cliente de su historia y su cultura, le posibilita un acercamiento al sentido y a la fuente de su sufrimiento, lo cual, a su turno, le permite encontrar su propio modo de individuación, en lugar de revivir el trauma transgeneracional de sus ancestros.

Freud's Legacy and Modern Theories of Ineffable Trauma.

Notions of ineffability, what cannot be put into words, vary depending on the historical and cultural context and, in particular, on shifting linguistic ideologies about the capabilities and limits of language. In recent decades psychoanalysts have embraced a modern notion of ineffability centered around traumatic bodily experiences that are thought to be inexpressible. However, these ideas break with Freudian ideas about language and, most importantly, with his understanding of the processes of interpretation that give meaning to both psychic pain and attempts to heal it. Contra Freud, current theories of ineffable trauma re-inscribe a dominance of the body over the psyche and over-simplify Freud's ideas about the retro-determination of trauma.

Da Hipnose à Interpretação: Aspectos da Gênese e Evolução de uma Prática / From Hypnosis to the Interpretation: Aspects of the Genesis and Evolution of a Practice / De la Hipnosis a la Interpretación: Aspectos de la Génesis y Evolución de una Práctica

O presente trabalho busca articular aspectos conceituais relativos à evolução da prática psicanalítica freudiana no que tange, fundamentalmente, ao trajeto compreendido entre a utilização da hipnose e o balizamento da interpretação. Em constantes articulações da técnica freudiana com as perspectivas de autores atuais, delimitam-se os alcances e destacam-se as transformações e inflexões cruciais da práxis ao longo do percurso freudiano. Inicia-se tendo por foco os primeiros escritos produzidos por Freud, numa retrospectiva do progresso técnico rumo à consolidação do método interpretativo, discutindo-se a evolução da técnica psicanalítica, seus limites, e a própria eficácia da hipnose e da interpretação enquanto recursos técnicos. O texto fornece ainda outros subsídios, auxiliando na pontuação de questões significativas do arcabouço psicanalítico e contemplando: (1) o motivo pelo qual o psiquismo por tantas vezes mostra-se impenetrável, (2) como a retirada do material recalcado move o afeto e (3) como são delineados os limites da evolução técnica da psicanálise....(AU)

The present paper searches to articulate conceptual aspects of the evolution of the Freudian psychoanalytic practice regarding, fundamentally, the path between the use of hypnosis and the beaconing of interpretation. In constant joints of the Freudian technique with perspectives of current authors, scopes are delimited and transformations and crucial inflections of the praxis throughout the Freudian passage are distinguished. Initially, the text focuses on the first writings produced by Freud, in a retrospect of the technic progress to the consolidation of the interpretative method. The evolution of the psychoanalysis technique, its limits, and the proper effectiveness of the hypnosis and interpretation as a technic resource are discussed. The text still provides important subsidies, assists on the points of significant questions of psychoanalysis structure, contemplating (1) the reason for which the psyche for as many times reveals itself as impenetrable, (2) how the removal of the repressed material moves the affection and (3) how the limits of the technique of psychoanalysis evolution are outlined....(AU)

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo articular aspectos conceptuales relacionados con la evolución de la práctica psicoanalítica freudiana con respecto, fundamentalmente, al camino comprendido entre la utilización de la hipnosis y el balizamiento de la interpretación. En constantes articulaciones de la técnica freudiana con las perspectivas de autores actuales, se delimitan los alcances y se destacan transformaciones e inflexiones cruciales de la praxis a lo largo del recorrido freudiano. El comienzo se concentra en los primeros escritos producidos por Freud, en una retrospectiva de progreso técnico hacia a la consolidación del método interpretativo, examinando la evolución de la técnica psicoanalítica, sus límites, y la propia eficacia de la hipnosis y la interpretación como recursos técnicos. El texto proporciona todavía otros subsidios, auxiliando en la puntuación de cuestiones significativas del esquema psicoanalítico y contemplando (1) el motivo por lo cual el psiquismo por tantas veces se muestra impenetrable, (2) como la retirada del material recalcado mueve el afecto y (3) como se detallan los límites de la evolución técnica del psicoanálisis....(AU)

La memoria del cuerpo: una justificación teórica de las intervenciones corporales en psicoterapia psicoanalítica / The memory of the body: a theoretical justification of corporal interventions in psychodynamic psychotherapy

Existen multitud de propuestas psicoterapéuticas que plantean Intervenciones corporales para abordar el sufrimiento psíquico, algunas de ellas faltas de un cimiento teórico sólido. Por otro lado, diferentes autores aceptan la presencia de experiencias arcaicas que mantienen su influencia a lo largo de la vida y que resultan inaccesibles a la palabra. Cuando la intervención verbal es insuficiente, se hace necesaria una reflexión sobre los límites de la acción terapéutica: la atención sobre el diálogo somático, el cuestionamiento del tabú de tocar o la integración de técnicas corporales que evoquen experiencias sensoriales y emocionales primigenias. Se revisará el significado del cuerpo para diferentes autores dentro del ámbito del psicoanálisis, tales como Freud, Reich, Bion, Winnicott, Anzieu o los teóricos del psicoanálisis relacional, en busca de un fundamento conceptual para las técnicas corporales

There are many psychotherapeutic proposals that offer corporal interventions to deal with psychic suffering, some of them lacking a solid theoretical foundation. On the other hand, different authors accept the presence of archaic experiences that maintain their influence throughout life and are inaccessible to the word. When verbal intervention is insufficient, it is necessary to reflect on the limits of therapeutic action: attention to somatic dialogue, questioning of the touch taboo or the integration of body techniques that evoke sensory and primordial emotional experiences. The meaning of the body within the psychoanalysis field, according to a range of authors such as Freud, Reich, Bion, Winnicott, Anzieu or relational psychoanalysis theorists, will be reviewed in search of a conceptual foundation for body techniques

A relação subjetiva do cuidado: uma aproximação entre medicina e a psicanálise / The subjective relationship of care: an approach between medicine and psychoanalysis

O presente artigo trata da relação subjetiva entre o profissional da saúde e o paciente, no que se refere ao cuidado médico. A partir da visão do médico clínico Antonio Carlos Lopes, são analisadas as confluências e divergências desta relação entre a Medicina e a Psicanálise. (AU)

This article deals with the subjective relationship between the health professional and the patient regarding health care. From the perspective of the physician-clinician Antonio Carlos Lopes, the confluences and divergences of this relationship between medicine and psychoanalysis are analyzed. (AU)

Hypnosis and Psychoanalysis: Toward Undoing Freud's Primal Category Mistake.

Hypnosis predates psychoanalysis, when autohypnotic pathologies were identified through the lens of hypnosis, and labeled "hypnoid hysteria" in the language of the day. The broad spectrum of disorders then subsumed under that term is still reflected in ICD-10's subset, "F44-Dissociative (Conversion) Disorders." Freud initially embraced both hypnoid hysteria and hypnosis, but came to abandon hypnosis and, by extension, hypnoid hysteria as well. Since that fateful decision, which I term herein Freud's "Inaugural Category Mistake," references to both hypnosis and hypnoid pathology largely vanished from the psychoanalytic mainstream, thereby neglecting conditions afflicting a significant portion of the mentally ill, and needlessly restricting the therapeutic repertoire of psychoanalysis. This contribution argues that psychoanalysis could best re-embrace hypnosis and hypnoid pathology together, as a related pair, and would benefit from doing so. Two examples of the differences of understanding and interventions such a rapprochement might encourage are offered: (a) how hypnoid pathology alters the transference and countertransference; and (b) how the appropriate use of hypnosis alters the nature of interpretation.

El lenguaje, Otro(s) en sí mismo: apertura y encuentro de la psique / Language, Other (s) in itself: opening and meeting of the psyche

El lenguaje es la posibilidad posibilitante que posee el terapeuta (psicoanalista y psicólogo) de acercarse al mundo psíquico del paciente, pues este es el umbral que se abre ante su mirada analítica y observadora, y ante su oído atento y sagaz; efectuando de esta forma un encuentro con la construcción subjetiva que el paciente ha forjado de su vida en su ser histórico-lingüístico. De igual forma, el lenguaje posibilita acercarse al discurso social y a los imaginarios que este crea, como realidad intrínseca en el sujeto, puesto que es una constitución que se funda en la capacidad humana de otorgar sentido y significación a la realidad objetiva y subjetiva, vivida y experimentada en él. Por lo anterior, se permite acoger a el lenguaje como herramienta que facilita operar desde el discurso y los imaginarios insertados por y en la cultura, ya que estos otorgan una visión de la significación y del sentido que el hombre ha dado a su construcción psíquica y como este lo ha afectado, y de esta forma se facilitará la apertura y el encuentro con la psique del paciente.

The language is the possibility that enables the therapist (psychoanalyst and psychologist) approach the psychic world of the patient. This is the threshold that opens before his analytical and observing gaze, and before his attentive and canny ear; effecting in this way an encounter with the subjective construction that the patient has forged of his life in his historical-linguistic being. Language also makes it possible to approach the social and imaginary speeches that he creates, as an intrinsic reality in the subject, since it is a constitution that is based on the human capacity to give meaning to the objective and subjective reality, lived and experienced in it. For the above, it is possible to accept language as a tool that facilitates the operation of speech and the imaginaries inserted by culture. Since these give a vision of meaning that the man has given to his psychic construction and how it has affected him in a way the opening and the encounter with the patient's psyche will be facilitated.

[Mentalization Based Treatment of an Adolescent Girl with Conduct Disorder]. / Mentalisierungsbasierte Therapie einer Jugendlichen mit Störung des Sozialverhaltens.

Mentalization Based Treatment of an Adolescent Girl with Conduct Disorder This paper will give a short overview on the theoretical concept of mentalization and its specific characteristics in adolescence. A previous study on Mentalization based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A) demonstrated the effectiveness of MBT-A for the treatment of adolescents with symptoms of deliberate self-harm (Rossouw u. Fonagy, 2012). Based on the results of this study Taubner, Gablonski, Sevecke, and Volkert (in preparation) developed a manual for mentalization based treatment for adolescents with conduct disorders (MBT-CD). This manual represents the foundation for a future study on the efficacy of the MBT-A for this specific disorder in young people. The present case report demonstrates the application of specific MBT interventions, as well as the therapeutic course over one year in a 16-year old girl who fulfilled all criteria of a conduct disorder. During the course of treatment, the de-escalating relationship-oriented therapeutic approach can be considered as a great strength of MBT-A, especially for patients with conduct disorders. The clinical picture, as well as the psychological assessment, showed a positive progress over the course of treatment. Despite frequent escalations, forced placements due to acute endangerment of self and others, and a precarious situation with the patient's place of residence towards the end of therapy, MBT-A treatment enabled the patient to continually use the evolved mentalizing capabilities as a resource.

[The importance of drawing in adolescence]. / Le dessin à ltm)adolescence, une richesse.

Teenagers like to draw. A drawing is a fundamental object of creativity in the process of re-construction and change typical of this period. However, theoretical approaches often consider that the evolution of the stages of drawing come to an end in adolescence. It is important to consider the practical and clinical benefit of drawing and to develop expression-based activities which can be carried out with this population.

Los «guardianes» de la infancia o la creencia contra el pensamiento / The «Guardians» of childhood or belief over thought

Los «guardianes» de la infancia o la creencia contra el pensamiento El artículo discute la noción de que toda producción mitosimbólica o cultural supone una función exclusivamente estructurante para el psiquismo. La autora plantea que, estando el universo cultural indefectiblemente impregnado por las ideologías, su aporte a la constitución del psiquismo no puede ser ajena a la alienación del individuo (en el sentido de Pi era Aulagnier). En este sentido, el psicoanálisis, en tanto producción cultural, se encuentra afectado por el mismo principio. El trabajo propone, además, la necesidad de centrarse en el método analítico de lo particular, como eje del trabajo terapéutico frente a la tendencia a la aplicación de lo universal y de «lo ya sabido» por el psicoanálisis sobre el aparato psíquico humano (AU)

The article discusses the notion that all mytho-symbolic or cultural production involves an exclusively structuring function for the psychism. The author posits the notion that, as the cultural universe is inevitably permeated with ideologies, its part in the constitution of the psychism cannot be other than the alienation of the individual (in the sense given it by Piera Aulagnier). In this respect psychoanalysis, insofar as it is a cultural production, is affected by the same principle. Furthermore, the work postulates the need to focus on the analytic method of the particular, as the axis of the therapeutic work, in contrast to the tendency towards application of the universal and of 'common knowledge' by psychoanalysis to the human psychic apparatus (AU)

Neurobiological differences in mental rotation and instrument interpretation in airline pilots.

Airline pilots and similar professions require reliable spatial cognition abilities, such as mental imagery of static and moving three-dimensional objects in space. A well-known task to investigate these skills is the Shepard and Metzler mental rotation task (SMT), which is also frequently used during pre-assessment of pilot candidates. Despite the intuitive relationship between real-life spatial cognition and SMT, several studies have challenged its predictive value. Here we report on a novel instrument interpretation task (IIT) based on a realistic attitude indicator used in modern aircrafts that was designed to bridge the gap between the abstract SMT and a cockpit environment. We investigated 18 professional airline pilots using fMRI. No significant correlation was found between SMT and IIT task accuracies. Contrasting both tasks revealed higher activation in the fusiform gyrus, angular gyrus, and medial precuneus for IIT, whereas SMT elicited significantly stronger activation in pre- and supplementary motor areas, as well as lateral precuneus and superior parietal lobe. Our results show that SMT skills per se are not sufficient to predict task accuracy during (close to) real-life instrument interpretation. While there is a substantial overlap of activation across the task conditions, we found that there are important differences between instrument interpretation and non-aviation based mental rotation.

El arte de interpretar y el cambio psíquico / The art of interpreting and psychic change

El artículo quiere poner de manifiesto la importancia en psicoanálisis de una comunicación que va más allá de las palabras, en la que la escucha de paciente y analista se amplía para dar cabida a un diálogo cuyos significados trascienden las palabras. Asimismo, pretende reflexionar y cuestionar la relación entre el contenido de la interpretación y el cambio psíquico del paciente. En este sentido subraya la importancia de la energía pulsional de la transferencia, tanto del paciente como del analista y de la mente continente del analista, como los dos elementos fundamentales para que la interpretación promueva el insight necesario que conlleve al cambio psíquico. La palabra interpretación del analista se nutrirá de la energía pulsional de la transferencia y la contratransferencia, y el diálogo psicoanalítico donde tiene lugar la interpretación estará siempre sostenido por la mente, continente mental del analista (AU)

The article seeks to reveal the importance in psychoanalysis of a form of communication that goes beyond words, in which the listening of analyst and patient is broadened to accommodate a dialogue whose meanings transcend words. In addition, it aims to reflect upon and question the relationship between the content of the interpretation and the patients psychic change. In this respect it underscores the importance of the drive energy of transference, both patient´s and analysis, and of the containing mind of the analyst, as the two crucial elements for interpretation to foster the insight required to lead to psychic change. The word-interpretation of the analyst is nourished by the drive energy of transference and countertransference, and the psychoanalytic dialogue where interpretation takes place will always be sustained by the mind, the analyst´s mental container (AU)

[Personal motif in art]. / Személyes motívum a müvészetben.

One of the basic questions of the art psychology is whether a personal motif is to be found behind works of art and if so, how openly or indirectly it appears in the work itself. Analysis of examples and documents from the fine arts and literature allow us to conclude that the personal motif that can be identified by the viewer through symbols, at times easily at others with more difficulty, gives an emotional plus to the artistic product. The personal motif may be found in traumatic experiences, in communication to the model or with other emotionally important persons (mourning, disappointment, revenge, hatred, rivalry, revolt etc.), in self-searching, or self-analysis. The emotions are expressed in artistic activity either directly or indirectly. The intention nourished by the artist's identity (Kunstwollen) may stand in the way of spontaneous self-expression, channelling it into hidden paths. Under the influence of certain circumstances, the artist may arouse in the viewer, consciously or unconsciously, an illusionary, misleading image of himself. An examination of the personal motif is one of the important research areas of art therapy.

Use of Rorschach tests at the Nuremberg war crimes trial: A forgotten chapter in history of medicine.

Seventy years ago, psychiatrists and psychologists had unusual access to the Nazi leaders awaiting trial by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Early leaders in the field of psychosomatic medicine were instrumental in facilitating these interviews as well as arranging for the administration of psychological testing with the Rorschach inkblot test. These observations were kept under wraps for decades and there remains controversy even now about what these Rorschachs revealed-demonic psychopaths or just morally corrupt individuals.

Metapsicología de las teorías: las teorías como objetos / The metapsychology of theories. Theories as objects

Se define 'teoría' como un enunciado o conjunto de ellos que intentan describir regularidades y proponer explicaciones sobre el funcionamiento de alguna parte de la 'realidad'. Toda clase de teorías, incluyendo las psicoanalíticas, provienen de procesos cognitivos normales propios de la mente humana, de la que son sus contenidos habituales. Existen hipótesis sobre el desarrollo cognitivo expreadas en términos psicoanalíticos; su aplicación permite ampliar las perspectivas epistemológicas tradicionales sobre procesos de creación, aplicación y validación de las teorías, su constitución, sus diversas clases y la utilidad de su empleo. Como caso particular las teorías psicoanalíticas versan tanto sobre teorías pertenecientes a otros campos como sobre sí mismas. En la situación clínica se generan enunciados basados en las teorías oficiales aprendidas. Otros permiten inferir la existencia de teorías inconscientes en la mente del analista. La propuesta de considerar las teorías como 'objetos' aspira a poder formular enunciados sobre teorías con términos pertenecientes a la metapsicología, que permitan reconocerlas como parte de un modelo psicoanalítico de la mente, más allá de la descripción de su naturaleza y de las vicisitudes de su utilización- 'Objeto' tiene la acepción que le adjudican habitualmente las teorías psicoanalíticas sobre 'relaciones objetales' (AU)

A 'theory' may be defined as a statement or set of statement that attempt to describe regularities and put forward explanations regarding psychoanalytic ones, derive from normal cognitive processes particular to the human mind, of which they are its habitual contents. There are hypotheses on cognitive development expressed in psychoanalytic terms; their application enables a widening of the traditional epistemological perspectives on processes of creation, application and validation of theories, their formation, their various types, and the applicability of their use. In the specific case of psychoanalytic theories, these deal equally with theories pertaining to other fields as with themselves . In the clinical situation, statements are generated based on the official leant theories. Other statements allow the existence of unconscious theories to be educed in the mind of the analyst. The proposition to consider theories as 'objects' has as its aim the possibility to formulated statements about theories with terms belonging to metapsychology, which would enable these to be recognized as part of a psychoanalytic model of the mind, beyond any description of their nature and the vicissitudes of their use. 'Object' carries the meaning commonly assigned to it by psychoanalytic theories on 'object relations' (AU)